Microclimate of Atlantic forest fragments: regional and local scale heterogeneity

The aim of this work was to investigate whether (i) the organisms within different fragments, on regional scale (separated by up to 100 km), could be submitted to similar climatic conditions (rainfall and temperature), and whether (ii) the edge formation in forest fragments could stimulate microclimatic changes (canopy cover, air temperature and soil humidity), on local scale. The organisms within different fragments, on regional scale, were submitted to different climatic conditions, and the edge formation in the forest fragment stimulated microclimatic changes, on local scale, although in a heterogenic way. Not just the distance from the edge influenced the microclimatic differences. Probably, the edge age, location, the matrix structure, as well as, gap proximity could change the microclimatic even within edges.O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se (i) os organismos dentro de diferentes fragmentos, em escala regional (separados por até 100 km), podem ser submetidos a condições climáticas similares (pluviosidade e temperatura) e se (ii) a formação de borda em fragmentos florestais pode estimular mudanças microclimáticas (abertura de dossel, temperatura do ar e umidade do solo), em escala regional. O estudo foi conduzido em cinco fragmentos (escala regional) no Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil, e em escala local, dentro de um deles. Os organismos dentro dos diferentes fragmentos, em escala regional, foram submetidos a diferentes condições climáticas, e a formação de borda nos fragmentos florestais estimulou mudanças climáticas, de maneira heterogênea. Não apenas a distância das bordas tem influencia nas diferenças microclimáticas. Provávelmente, a idade e localização da borda, a estrutura da matriz, assim como a proximidade de clareiras pode modificar o microclima mesmo entre bordas.935944Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Quantification and Variation of Microclimatic Variables Within Tree Canopies-Considerations for Epiphyte Research

Forest canopies are incredibly complex self-maintaining biological structures. Conditions above and within the canopy can differ vastly, often resulting in a vertical gradient of microclimate conditions. Canopy epiphytic plants have to deal with climatic variability on much more variable scales compared to many other plant groups. The difficulty of sensor installation and their high cost can explain why it has been ignored in many studies on canopy epiphytes. Direct measurements of microenvironmental conditions are the only accurate way to assess specific intra-canopy environmental conditions, as there is also still a lack of methodologically and financially viable alternatives to allow the collection of this type of data. This study aims to make recommendations for the direct use of microclimate measurements in epiphyte research and to summarize key discussion points concerning the number and placement of sensors required for different types of epiphyte studies. In addition, we presented high-resolution field data from the United Kingdom, where we employed over 56 microclimate sensors, to demonstrate the spatial and temporal variability of radiation, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) in a tree canopy. Our data demonstrated that sensor height in the tree and leaf-set were the most important factors determining microclimate variability in the canopy. For the first time, we have made recommendations regarding the placement and number of sensors required in studies that specifically require the use of microclimate sensors in epiphyte studies in forest canopies.Peer reviewe

Quantification and Variation of Microclimatic Variables Within Tree Canopies-Considerations for Epiphyte Research

Forest canopies are incredibly complex self-maintaining biological structures. Conditions above and within the canopy can differ vastly, often resulting in a vertical gradient of microclimate conditions. Canopy epiphytic plants have to deal with climatic variability on much more variable scales compared to many other plant groups. The difficulty of sensor installation and their high cost can explain why it has been ignored in many studies on canopy epiphytes. Direct measurements of microenvironmental conditions are the only accurate way to assess specific intra-canopy environmental conditions, as there is also still a lack of methodologically and financially viable alternatives to allow the collection of this type of data. This study aims to make recommendations for the direct use of microclimate measurements in epiphyte research and to summarize key discussion points concerning the number and placement of sensors required for different types of epiphyte studies. In addition, we presented high-resolution field data from the United Kingdom, where we employed over 56 microclimate sensors, to demonstrate the spatial and temporal variability of radiation, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) in a tree canopy. Our data demonstrated that sensor height in the tree and leaf-set were the most important factors determining microclimate variability in the canopy. For the first time, we have made recommendations regarding the placement and number of sensors required in studies that specifically require the use of microclimate sensors in epiphyte studies in forest canopies.Peer reviewe

Estrutura arbórea e diversidade em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica: distância de bordas antrópicas e naturais

Approximately 7.2% of the Atlantic rainforest remains in Brazil, with only 16% of this forest remaining in the State of Rio de Janeiro, all of it distributed in fragments. This forest fragmentation can produce biotic and abiotic differences between edges and the fragment interior. In this study, we compared the structure and richness of tree communities in three habitats - an anthropogenic edge (AE), a natural edge (NE) and the fragment interior (FI) - of a fragment of Atlantic forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°50'S and 42°28'W). One thousand and seventy-six trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.8 cm, belonging to 132 morphospecies and 39 families, were sampled in a total study area of 0.75 ha. NE had the greatest basal area and the trees in this habitat had the greatest diameter:height allometric coefficient, whereas AE had a lower richness and greater variation in the height of the first tree branch. Tree density, diameter, height and the proportion of standing dead trees did not differ among the habitats. There was marked heterogeneity among replicates within each habitat. These results indicate that the forest interior and the fragment edges (natural or anthropogenic) do not differ markedly considering the studied parameters. Other factors, such as the age from the edge, type of matrix and proximity of gaps, may play a more important role in plant community structure than the proximity from edges.Restam aproximadamente 7,2% da Mata Atlântica no Brasil distribuída em fragmentos, com apenas 16% dela no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Essa fragmentação florestal pode produzir diferenças bióticas e abióticas entre bordas e interior de fragmentos. Neste estudo, comparam-se a estrutura e riqueza das comunidades arbóreas de três ambientes bordas antrópica (BA), bordas naturais (BN) e interior (IF) de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (22°50'S e 42°28'O). Mil e setenta e seis árvores com diâmetro à altura do peito > 4,8 cm, pertencentes a 132 morfoespécies e 39 famílias, foram amostradas em uma área estudada total de 0,75 ha. BN apresentou a maior área basal, e as árvores nesse hábitat tiveram coeficiente alométrico maior, enquanto BA apresentou menor riqueza e maior variação da altura do fuste em relação à altura total. Densidade de árvores, diâmetro, altura e proporção de árvores mortas em pé não diferiram entre ambientes. Foi observada alta heterogeneidade entre repetições de um mesmo tipo de hábitat. Outros fatores, como a idade da borda, o tipo de matriz e a proximidade de clareiras, podem desempenhar papel mais importante na estrutura da comunidade de plantas do que a proximidade das bordas.11231132Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Quebra de dormência de sementes de sucupira-preta

Seeds of Bowdichia virgilioides (Leguminosae) were submitted to the following germinative pre-treatment to determine the best method to break the dormancy at the laboratory: immersion in sulphuric acid (98%) for 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes; immersion in water at 100°C for 1, 2 and 3 minutes; immersion in water at 30°C for 24 hours; and the control. Data were collected regularly and evaluated through percentage of seed germination, percentage of abnormal seedling, percentage of dormant seeds and rate of emergency. The results showed that the germinative pre-treatments increased seed germination; the greatest values were observed in seeds immersed in sulphuric acid for 5 and 10 minutes.Sementes de sucupira-preta (Bowdichia virgilioides H.B.K.), Leguminosae, foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos pré-germinativos em laboratório, visando determinar o melhor método para a superação de dormência: imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos; imersão em água quente (100°C) por 1, 2 e 3 minutos; embebição em água (30°C) por 24 horas, e testemunha, com sementes sem tratamento prévio. Através de avaliações regulares, verificou-se os parâmetros germinação normal, plântulas anormais, sementes dormentes e velocidade de emergência de plântulas. Os resultados demonstraram que os tratamentos pré-germinativos promoveram a germinação de sucupira-preta, sendo que os tratamentos de imersão das sementes em ácido sulfúrico, por períodos entre 5 e 10 minutos, foram os mais efetivos

Germinação de sementes de jenipapo: temperatura, substrato e morfologia do desenvolvimento pós-seminal

This study aimed to define the best substrate and temperature for germination of genipap (Genipa americana L. - Rubiaceae) seeds, and to describe the morphology of its seeds, post-seminal development, normal and abnormal seedlings. The experiment was designed according to a 5 x 3 factorial with constant temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C and alternated 20°C-30°C in filter paper, vermiculite and soil substrates. The following parameters were analyzed: normal percentage germination and speed of germination. The 25°C, 30°C and 35°C temperatures and vermiculite and soil substrates were the best conditions for seed germination.O presente trabalho teve como objetivos definir o tipo de substrato e a temperatura mais adequados à germinação de sementes de jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), conhecer a morfologia das sementes e seu desenvolvimento pós-seminal, caracterizando as plântulas normais, o tipo de germinação e os padrões de anormalidade. Para tanto, realizou-se um experimento colocando-se as sementes sobre os seguintes substratos: papel, vermiculita e solo, nas temperaturas constantes de 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, e 35°C e alternada de 20°C-30°C. O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado (5 x 3), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Foram analisados os parâmetros germinação normal (%) e velocidade de germinação. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos nas temperaturas constantes de 25°C, 30°C e 35°C, e nos substratos vermiculita e solo